Excavator: Stems. Nests in hollow plant stems. In France (as in Turkey), nests are constructed in dry Rubus stems. Also in France, Lichtenstein (1876) discovered a nest in the stem of Rhus coriaria (Anacardiaceae). In Cyprus, Mavromoustakis (1948) discovered nests in dry stems of Anchusa sp., Echium sp. (Boraginaceae) and Asphodelus sp. (Liliaceae).