Excavator: Ground. In Britain it sometimes nests gregariously. For example, in Dumfries & Galloway, A.B. Duncan (pers. comm.) discovered a prolific nesting aggregation in the near-vertical face of a disused sandstone quarry.
In eastern Europe it is reported to nest solitarily, largely on south-facing edges of clearings in woodland, more rarely in sandy areas (Kocourek, 1966; Dylewska, 1987).
It nests either solitarily or in small, loose aggregations(Kemp et al, 2014)